2016/6/3 9:34:21 来源: 厦门航拓电气有限公司
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电能是国民经济和人民生活极为重要的能源, 它作为电力部门向用户提供的由发电、供电、用电三方面共同保证质量的特殊商品, 其质量的好坏越来越受到关注。电能质量的技术治理与控制是改善电能质量的有效方法, 也是优质供用电的必要条件, 但电能质量具有动态性、相关性、传播性、复杂性等特点, 对电能质量的控制和提高并不是一件轻而易举的事。为确保电能质量的有效控制, 本文从电能质量的全面质量管理的技术角度对提高电能质量的方法进行了分析与探讨,努力满足电能质量的设计要求和目标, 并和同行分享。
1电能质量控制分析概述
1. 1电能质量的衡量指标
围绕电能质量的含义, 电能质量的衡量指标通常包括如下几个方面:
( l) 电压质量
指实际电压与理想电压的偏差, 反映供电企业向用户供应的电能是否合格。这里的偏差应是广义的,包含了幅值、波形和相位等。这个定义包括了大多数电能质量问题, 但不包括频率造成的电能质量问题, 也不包括用电设备对电网电能质量的影响和污染。
( 2) 电流质量
反映了与电压质量有密切关系的电流的变化, 电力用户除对交流电源有恒定频率、正弦波形的要求外,还要求电流波形与电压同相位以保证高功率因数运行。这个定义有助于电网电能质量的改善, 并降低线损, 但不能概括大多数因电压原因造成的质量问题。
其它的指标还有供电质量、用电质量等, 这些指标共同反映了电力系统生产传输的电能的质量, 并可以依据这些指标对电能进行管理。
1. 2电能质量的影响因素
( 1) 电力负荷构成的变化
目前, 电力系统中存在大量非线性负荷: 大规模电力电子应用装置( 节能装置、变频设备等) , 大功率的电力拖动设备、直流输出装置、电化工业设备( 化工、冶金企业的整流) 、电气化铁路、炼钢电弧炉( 交、直流) 、轧机、提升机、电石机、感应加热炉及其它非线性负荷。
( 2) 大量谐波注入电网
含有非线性、冲击性负荷的新型电力设备在实现功率控制和处理的同时, 都不可避免地产生非正弦波形电流, 向电网注入谐波电流, 使公共连接点( PCC) 的电压波形严重畸变, 负荷波动性和冲击性导致电压波动、瞬时脉冲等各种电能质量干扰。
( 3) 电力设备及装置的自动保护和正常运行
大型电力设备的启动和停运、自动开关的跳闸及重合等对电能质量的影响, 使额定电压暂时降低、产生电压波动与闪变, 对电能质量也会产生影响。
I/A Series Advantage Upgrade Paths
From To (Lifecycle Phase) Adv. Upgrade Part / Model #s DeSCRJPTion
CP10 FCP270 P270 The Field Control Processor 270 (FCP270) is a distributed, optionally fault-tolerant, field-mounted controller module. The FCP270 performs regulatory, logic, timing, and sequential control together with connected Fieldbus Modules (FBMs). It also performs data acquisition and alarm detection and notification. The FCP270 connects to the MESH control network via standard fiber optic 100 Mbps Ethernet. The fault-tolerant version of the FCP270 consists of two processor modules. These modules install in adjacent FCP270 slots in a baseplate for high speed communication between the modules. The unique and patented fault-tolerant operation of the FCP270 greatly imrpoves reliability relative to other process controllers. The fault-tolerant version of the FCP270 consists of two modules operating in parallel, with two Ethernet connections to the MESH control network. The two FCP270 modules, married together as a fault-tolerant pair, provide continuous operation of the controller in the event of
CP10 ZCP270 P270 The Z-Module Control Processor 270 (ZCP270) is an optionally fault-tolerant, Z-form factor controller. The ZCP270 performs regulatory, logic, timing and sequential control together with connected Fieldbus Communications Modules (FCMs) and Fieldbus Modules. It also performs data acquisition and alarm detection notification. The ZCP270 connects to the MESH control network and FCM 100Ets/FCM100Es via standard fiber optic 100 Mbps Ethernet. The FCM100Et interfaces the 2 Mbps Module Fieldbus used by the 200 Series FBMs and the FCM100E interfaces the 2Mbps Module Fieldbus used by the 200 Series FBMs or the 268 Kbps Fieldbus used by the 100 Series FBMs. Depending on sizing considerations, the ZCP270 can be used with a mix of FCM100E and FCM100Et modules. The fault-tolerant version of the ZCP270 consists of two single-width processor modules. These modules install in adjacent ZCP270 slots in a 1x8 or 2x8 mounting structure and connect to a fault-tolerant connector to allow for high-speed communication
COMM15 + FDSI (Modbus, Profibus, OPC, Data Highway +) S61 The Foreign Device Systems Integrator (FDSI) allows a wide range of choices for users to link non-Foxboro devices into the I/A Series system ZCP & FCP 270 controllers. They area available with serial and Ethernet options, single and redundant links, and have approval ratings for corrosive and explosive environments. Communication channels are galvanically isolated for protection. These rugged, compact modules mount in standard, field-mounted I/A Series baseplates side-by-side with other system input/output Fieldbus Modules (FBMs). Like the other FBMs, their communication with the I/A Series system and controllers is through Foxboro's high-performance (100 Mbps/1Gbps), ultra-high availability field network. Each FDSI module can support up to 16 devices to read and write data, and up to 2,000 Distributed Control Interface (DCI) points. Ethernet versions can be fewer, depending upon
AP10/20 P91 - WINOOWs Server 2003 P91 As a multipurpose server running the WINOOWs Server 2003 operating system with Service Pack 1, the Model P91 server supports hosting I/A Series control stations, data acquisition and processing related to a broad range of applications, file serving capabilities, and the display of graphics and text. It also interfaces with corporate communication networks. The Model P91 server supports a USB mouse or optional USB trackball, an alphanumeric keyboard, up to two annunciator keyboards, annunciator/numeric keyboards, or annunciator panels, and up to four video monitors. The P91 server
AP10/20 P90 - WINOOWs Server 2003 P90 The Model P90 Workstation Server is a 2U high rack-mounted server-class processor running Microsoft WINOOWs Server 2003? operating system. As a multipurpose server running the WINOOWs Server 2003 operating system with Service Pack 1, the model P90 server supports hosting I/A Series control stations, data acquisition and processing related to a broad range of applications, file serving capabilities, and the display of graphics and text. It also interfaces with corporate communication networks.The Model P90 server supports a USB mouse or optional USB trackball, an alphanumeric keyboard, up to two annunciator keyboards, or annuciator panels, and up to four video monitors. The P90 server also supports multiple optional touchscreens. The Model P90 server has an Intel Xeon? processor and can be configured with up to 1.2 TB of internal hard disk storage and up to 4 GB of ECC DDR-2 SDRAM. The serial attached SCSI (SAS) supports a system disk, expansion disks, or RAID1 or RAID5 hard drive Cluster I/O 200 Series I/O See Chart below for 200 Series part #s The 200 Series Field Bus Modules are the latest generation I/A Series I/O modules. The DIN rail mounted FBM subsystem provides a reliable, high speed communications interface between the host control processor (for example the I/A Series control station) and field I/O sensors and actuators. It incorporates innovative equipment packaging, and the use of fiber optic and/or coaxial cabling between modules to allow local or remote distribution of process I/O points. The DIN rail mounted Fieldbus Modules (FBMs) are compact, high-performance distributed process I/O modules. They perform the signal conversion required to interface the electrical input signals to/from the field sensors to the